1. types of levelling

Types of Levelling in Surveying

Here is a list of crucial types of levelling in surveying that every civil engineer should know.  

  • Simple Levelling

    It is the most basic method, where the instrument is set up between two visible points, ideal for short distances and provides a simple way to measure height differences in nearby areas. This type of levelling in civil engineering is often used for small-scale projects.

  • Differential Levelling

    This method involves transferring levels between two distant points using multiple setups. It is widely used for precise elevation measurements in large-scale projects like roadways and dams. Differential levelling is one of the most reliable types of levelling in surveying, ensuring accuracy across long distances.

  • Fly Levelling

    This type of levelling connects benchmarks over long distances. Commonly used in preliminary surveys, it is an efficient method for establishing temporary benchmarks quickly during construction.

  • Profile Levelling

    This type creates elevation profiles along a fixed line, such as a roadway or pipeline path. It provides data for designing gradients and ensuring proper flow in infrastructure projects.

  • Reciprocal Levelling

    This method is used when levelling across obstacles like rivers or valleys. Measurements are taken from both ends to reduce errors caused by distance and atmospheric conditions, ensuring accurate results.

  • Barometric Levelling

    This advanced method uses atmospheric pressure differences to calculate elevations. It is less precise but useful in rugged terrains where traditional instruments are challenging to use.

  • Trigonometric Levelling

    By measuring vertical angles and distances, this method calculates elevations. It is often used in hilly areas and is a valuable tool in modern surveying. Trigonometric levelling plays a significant role in terrain-specific and large-scale projects.

  • Dumpy Level

    It is a simple yet vital instrument used in direct levelling to establish height differences. It is ideal for construction sites and infrastructure development.

  • Automatic Level

    This instrument self-adjusts to maintain accuracy, making it easier and faster for surveyors to measure elevations, especially on uneven terrains.

  • Tilting Level

    This allows minor adjustments for accuracy, making it versatile in situations requiring precision, such as building layouts or drainage systems.

  • Direct Levelling

    It is the most commonly used method, where a level and staff are employed to measure vertical differences between points.