surveying

1. introduction to surveying

Definition of Surveying
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“Surveying is the science or art of making such
measurements as are necessary to determine the
relative position of points above, on, or beneath the
surface of the earth, or to establish such points.”
(Breed, Hosmer, and Bone)
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“Surveying is the art of measuring horizontal
and vertical distances between objects, of measuring
angles between lines, of determining the direction of
lines, and of establishing points by predetermined
angular and linear measurements.” (Davis, Foote,
Anderson, and Mikhail

2. setting up a survey total station

3. types of survey

Types of Surveys
Geodetic Survey – that type of survey which takes
into account the true shape of the earth
Takes into account the theoretical shape of the earth.
Generally high in accuracy, and cover large areas. 

3.1. types of survey

Plane Survey – that type of survey in which the mean
surface of the earth is considered as a plane, or in
which its spheroidal shape is neglected
Assumes that the survey area is a flat plane.
Generally covers small areas.
Most common method used.
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Operations in Surveying
1. Control Survey – consists of establishing the accurate
horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary
points for reference
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Reference Point 4
2. Land Survey – also
known as property or
boundary survey, is
performed to
determine the length
and direction of
land lines and to
establish the
position of these
lines on the ground
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Operations in Surveying
3. Topographic Survey – is made to secure data from
which may be made a topographic map indicating
the configuration of the terrain and the location
of natural and human-made objects
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Sample Contours
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Operations in Surveying
4. Hydrographic Survey
It refers to surveying bodies of water for the
purposes of navigation, water supply, or sub
aqueous construction
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Operations in Surveying
5. Mine Survey – utilizes the principles for control, land,
geologic, and topographic surveying to control,
locate, and map underground and surface works
related to mining operations
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Operations in Surveying
6. Construction Survey
It is performed to lay out, locate, and
monitor public and private engineering works
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Operations in Surveying
7. Route Survey – refers to those control, topographic,
and construction surveys necessary for the
location and construction of lines of
transportation or communication such as
highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines,
and pipelines
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Some Transportation Lines That Require Route Survey
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Operations in Surveying
8. Photogrammetric Survey Photogrammetric Survey – utilizes utilizes the principle the principle of
aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry in which
measurements made on photographs are used to
determine the positions of photographed objects

4. uses of surveys

Uses of Surveys
1. The earliest surveys known were for earliest surveys known were for
the purpose the purpose of establishing establishing boundaries boundaries
of land.
22 Sample Property/Boundary Lines
Sample Political Boundaries
2. The fixing of national and state boundaries.
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Sample Disputed International Territories
3. The charting of coastlines and
navigable streams and lakes.
Old & New Charts of Lake Michigan
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4. The precise location of definite reference
points throughout the country.
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Sample Reference Monuments
Adjoining Lots Common Points (Mohon)
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5. The collection of valuable facts concerning
the earth’s magnetism at widely scattered
stations.
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Sample Magnetic Map
Sample Gravity Measurement and Map
6. The establishment and observation of a
greater network of gravity stations
throughout the country.
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